Njengoko umzi-mveliso wokuvelisa ngokutsha unikwe ingqwalasela eyongezelelekileyo, abantu nabo sele beqalisile ukuphonononga iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokwenziwa ngokutsha, kwaye bazuze iziphumo ezithile zophando kulungiselelo, ulawulo, kunye nobuchwepheshe bokwenza ngokutsha.Kwinkqubo yokwenziwa ngokutsha, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokucoca iinxalenye zokuqinisekisa umgangatho wokwenziwa kwakhona.Indlela yokucoca kunye nomgangatho wokucoca kubalulekile ukuchaneka kokuchongwa kweengxenye, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wokuvelisa ngokutsha, ukunciphisa iindleko zokwenziwa ngokutsha, kunye nokuphucula ubomi beemveliso ezenziwe ngokutsha.ingaba nefuthe elibalulekileyo.
1. Isikhundla kunye nokubaluleka kokucoca kwinkqubo yokubuyisela kwakhona
Ukucoca umphezulu wamacandelo emveliso yinkqubo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwakhona kwenxalenye.Isiseko sokwahlula ukubona ukuchaneka kwe-dimensional, ukuchaneka kobume bejometri, uburhabaxa, ukusebenza komphezulu, ukunxiba kwe-corrosion kunye nokuncamathela kwenxalenye yomhlaba sisiseko sokwahlula ukuphinda kwenziwe iinxalenye..Umgangatho wenxalenye yokucoca umphezulu uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo uhlalutyo lwenxalenye yomphezulu, ukuvavanywa, ukusetyenzwa ngokutsha, umgangatho wendibano, kwaye emva koko uchaphazela umgangatho weemveliso ezenziwe ngokutsha.
Ukucoca kukusebenzisa ulwelo lokucoca kumphezulu wesixhobo sokucoca, kunye nokusebenzisa oomatshini, umzimba, iikhemikhali okanye iindlela ze-electrochemical ukususa igrisi, ukubola, udaka, isikali, iidiphozithi zekhabhoni kunye nobunye ubumdaka obuncanyathiselwe kumphezulu womhlaba. izixhobo kunye neenxalenye zayo, kwaye uyenze Inkqubo yokufezekisa ucoceko olufunekayo kumphezulu we-workpiece.Iindawo ezichithwayo zeemveliso zenkunkuma zicocwa ngokwemilo, izinto, udidi, umonakalo, njl., kunye neendlela ezihambelanayo zisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wokusetyenziswa kwakhona okanye ukuveliswa kwakhona kwamacandelo.Ukucoceka kwemveliso yenye yezibonakaliso eziphambili zomgangatho weemveliso ezenziwe ngokutsha.Ukucoceka okulambathayo akusayi kuchaphazela kuphela inkqubo yokwenziwa ngokutsha kweemveliso, kodwa kukwabangela ukuba ukusebenza kweemveliso zehle, kuthande ukuguga ngokugqithisileyo, ukuncipha kokuchaneka, kunye nobomi benkonzo obufutshane.Umgangatho weemveliso.Ukucoceka okulungileyo nako kunokuphucula ukuzithemba kwabathengi kumgangatho weemveliso ezenziwe ngokutsha.
Inkqubo yokuvelisa kwakhona iquka ukuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma, ukucocwa kwembonakalo yemveliso phambi kokuba kuqhanyulwe, kuqhawuke, kuhlolwe ngokurhabaxa iindawo, ukucocwa kweendawo, ukufumanisa ngokuchanekileyo iinxalenye emva kokucoca, ukwenziwa ngokutsha, ukuhlanganiswa kweemveliso ezenziwe ngokutsha, njl njl.Ukucoca kubandakanya iinxalenye ezimbini: ukucocwa ngokubanzi kokubonakala kweemveliso zenkunkuma kunye nokucocwa kwamacandelo.Owokuqala ngokuyintloko ukususa uthuli kunye nolunye ukungcola ekubonakaleni kwemveliso, kwaye okokugqibela kukususa ioli, isikali, i-rust, i-carbon deposits kunye nolunye ukungcola ebusweni bamacandelo.I-oyile kunye ne-gas layers phezu komhlaba, njl., khangela ukunxiba kwamacandelo, i-microcracks yomhlaba okanye ezinye iintsilelo zokugqiba ukuba ngaba iinxalenye zingasetyenziselwa okanye zifuna ukuphinda zenziwe kwakhona.Ukucocwa kokwenziwa kwakhona kwahlukile ekucocweni kwenkqubo yolondolozo.Injineli eyintloko yokulungisa icoca iindawo eziphosakeleyo kunye neenxalenye ezinxulumene nazo ngaphambi kokugcinwa, ngelixa ukuveliswa kwakhona kufuna ukuba zonke iinxalenye zemveliso yenkunkuma zicocwe ngokupheleleyo, ukwenzela ukuba umgangatho wezinto ezihlaziyiweyo zifikelele kwinqanaba leemveliso ezintsha.umgangatho.Ngoko ke, imisebenzi yokucoca idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuvuselela, kwaye umsebenzi onzima uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iindleko zeemveliso ezenziwe ngokutsha, ngoko ke kufuneka kunikwe ingqwalasela enkulu.
2. Itekhnoloji yokucoca kunye nophuhliso lwayo ekwenziweni kwakhona
2.1 Itekhnoloji yokucoca ukulungiselela ukwenziwa ngokutsha
Njengenkqubo yokuqhawula, akunakwenzeka ukuba inkqubo yokucoca ifunde ngokuthe ngqo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa eqhelekileyo, efuna uphando lweendlela ezintsha zobugcisa kunye nophuhliso lwezixhobo zokucoca ezitsha zokucoca kubakhiqizi kunye nabanikezeli bezixhobo zokuphinda zenziwe kwakhona.Ngokwendawo yokucoca, injongo, ubunzima bezinto eziphathekayo, njl., Indlela yokucoca esetyenziswe kwinkqubo yokucoca.Iindlela zokucoca ezihlala zisetyenziselwa ukucocwa kwepetroli, ukucocwa kwamanzi ashushu okanye ukucocwa komphunga, iarhente yokucoca ikhemikhali yokucoca ibhafu yokuhlanjululwa kweekhemikhali, ukukhuhla okanye ukucocwa kwebrashi yentsimbi, uxinzelelo oluphezulu okanye uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lokucoca ukutshiza, ukuqhushumba kwesanti, ukucocwa kwe-electrolytic, ukucocwa kwesigaba segesi, ukucocwa kwe-ultrasonic. kunye nokucoca amanyathelo amaninzi kunye nezinye iindlela.
Ukuze kugqitywe inkqubo nganye yokucoca, isethi esipheleleyo sezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokucoca ezikhethekileyo zingasetyenziswa, kubandakanywa: umatshini wokucoca ukutshiza, umshini wokutshiza umpu, umatshini wokucoca ngokubanzi, umatshini wokucoca okhethekileyo, njl njl. imigangatho yokwenziwa ngokutsha, iimfuno, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, iindleko kunye nesiza sokwenza ngokutsha.
2.2 Inkqubo yophuhliso lwethekhinoloji yokucoca
Isinyathelo sokucoca ngumthombo omkhulu wokungcola ngexesha lokwenziwa kwakhona.Ngaphezu koko, izinto eziyingozi eziveliswa yinkqubo yokucoca zihlala zibeka esingqongileyo engozini.Ngaphezu koko, iindleko zokulahlwa okungenabungozi kwezinto eziyingozi nazo ziphezulu ngokumangalisayo.Ngoko ke, kwisinyathelo sokucoca ngokutsha, kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa umonakalo wesisombululo sokucoca kwindalo kunye nokwamkela iteknoloji yokucoca eluhlaza.Abavelisi baye benza uphando oluninzi kunye nokusetyenziswa okubanzi kobuchwepheshe obutsha kunye obusebenzayo bokucoca, kwaye inkqubo yokucoca iye yaba yinto ehambelana nokusingqongileyo.Ngelixa uphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezinobungozi, ukunciphisa impembelelo kwimeko yendalo, ukwandisa ukukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo kwenkqubo yokucoca, kunye nokwandisa umgangatho wamacandelo.
3 .Ukucoca imisebenzi kwinqanaba ngalinye lokwenziwa ngokutsha
Ukucoca kwinkqubo yokwenziwa ngokutsha ikakhulu kubandakanya ukucocwa kwangaphandle kweemveliso zenkunkuma phambi kokuchithwa nokucoca iinxalenye emva kokudilizwa.
3.1 Ukucoca phambi kokutshatyalaliswa
Ukucoca phambi kokuchithwa kubhekiselele ekucocweni kwangaphandle kweemveliso zenkunkuma esetyenzisiweyo phambi kokuba kuqhawuke.Injongo yalo ephambili kukususa inani elikhulu lothuli, ioli, i-sediment kunye nolunye ukungcola okuqokelelwe ngaphandle kweemveliso zenkunkuma, ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ukuchithwa kunye nokuphepha uthuli kunye neoli.Lindela izinto ezibiweyo ukuba ziziswe kwinkqubo yomzimveliso.Ukucoca ngaphandle ngokuqhelekileyo kusebenzisa amanzi etephu okanye ukugungxulwa kwamanzi anoxinzelelo oluphezulu.Ngoxinaniso oluphezulu kunye nobumdaka obungqingqwa, yongeza inani elifanelekileyo learhente yokucoca iikhemikhali emanzini kwaye wandise uxinzelelo lokutshiza kunye nobushushu bamanzi.
Izixhobo zokucoca ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zangaphandle zibandakanya ikakhulu oomatshini bokucoca ijethi yompu omnye kunye noomatshini bokucoca ijethi eninzi.Eyona yangaphambili ixhomekeke kwisenzo sokucoca ijethi yoqhagamshelwano oluphezulu okanye ijethi yesoda okanye isenzo sekhemikhali sejethi kunye ne-agent yokucoca ukususa ukungcola.Le yokugqibela ineentlobo ezimbini, ucango lwesakhelo uhlobo olushenxisekayo kunye netonela uhlobo olusisigxina.Indawo yokufakela kunye nobuninzi bemibhobho iyahluka ngokwenjongo yesixhobo.
3.2 Ukucoca emva kokuqhaqha
Ukucocwa kweengxenye emva kokuchithwa kubandakanya ukususa ioli, i-rust, isikali, i-carbon deposits, ipeyinti, njl.
3.2.1 Ukunciphisa amafutha
Zonke iindawo ezidibene namafutha ahlukeneyo kufuneka zicocwe ngeoli emva kokuchithwa, oko kukuthi, ukuchithwa.Inokwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini: ioli ye-saponifiable, oko kukuthi, ioli enokusabela ngealkali ukwenza isepha, njengeoli yezilwanyana kunye neoli yemifuno, oko kukuthi, ityuwa eninzi ye-molecular organic acid;oyile unsaponifiable, engenako ukusebenza kunye alkali eyomeleleyo, ezifana Various minerali oyile, ioyile yokuthambisa, ijeli petroleum kunye neparafini, njl. Ezi oyile azinyibiliki emanzini kodwa zinyibilika kwizinyibilikisi eziphilayo.Ukususwa kwezi oyile kwenziwa ikakhulu ngeendlela imichiza kunye electrochemical.Izisombululo zokucoca ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zezi: i-solvents eziphilayo, izisombululo ze-alkaline kunye nezisombululo zokucoca iikhemikhali.Iindlela zokucoca zibandakanya iindlela ze-manual kunye ne-mechanical, kubandakanywa ukuxubha, ukubilisa, ukutshiza, ukucocwa kwe-vibration, ukucocwa kwe-ultrasonic, njl.
3.2.2 Ukunciphisa
Emva kokuba inkqubo yokupholisa yeemveliso zoomatshini isebenzise amanzi anzima okanye amanzi anobumdaka obuninzi ixesha elide, uluhlu lwe-silicon dioxide lufakwe eludongeni lwangaphakathi lwe-cooler kunye nombhobho.Isikali sinciphisa i-cross-section yepayipi yamanzi kunye nokunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal, kuchaphazela kakhulu umphumo wokupholisa kunye nokuchaphazela ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwenkqubo yokupholisa.Ngoko ke, ukususwa kufuneka kunikwe ngexesha lokwenziwa ngokutsha.Iindlela zokususa isikali ngokubanzi zisebenzisa iindlela zokususa imichiza, kubandakanywa iindlela zokususa iphosphate, iindlela zokususa isisombululo sealkaline, iindlela zokususwa kwe-alkaline, njl. njl esetyenzisiweyo.Iikhemikhali zokucoca ulwelo lokususa isikali kufuneka zikhethwe ngokwecandelo lesikali kunye nezixhobo.
3.2.3 Ukususa ipeyinti
Ipeyinti yepeyinti yasekuqaleni yokukhusela ebusweni beendawo ezichithwayo nazo kufuneka zisuswe ngokupheleleyo ngokwezinga lomonakalo kunye neemfuno zokukhusela.Hlamba kakuhle emva kokususwa kwaye ulungiselele ukupeyinta kwakhona.Indlela yokususa ipeyinti ngokuqhelekileyo kukusebenzisa isinyibilikisi esilungisiweyo sendalo, isisombululo sealkali, njl.njl njengesisusa ipeyinti, ibhrashi yokuqala kwindawo yepeyinti, yinyibilikise kwaye uyithambise, kwaye emva koko sebenzisa izixhobo zezandla ukususa umaleko wepeyinti. .
3.2.4 Ukususwa komhlwa
Umhlwa yi-oxides eyenziwe ngokudibana kwendawo yesinyithi kunye neoksijini, iimolekyuli zamanzi kunye nezinto ze-asidi emoyeni, ezifana ne-iron oxide, i-ferric oxide, i-ferric oxide, njl., ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngumhlwa;iindlela eziphambili zokususa i-rust yi-mechanical method, i-chemical pickling kunye ne-electrochemical etching.Ukususwa komhlwa ngoomatshini ikakhulu kusetyenziswa ukukhuhlana komatshini, ukusika kunye nezinye iintshukumo ukususa umaleko womhlwa kumphezulu wamalungu.Iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kukuxukuxa, ukugaya, ukupolisha, ukuqhumisa isanti njalo njalo.Indlela yekhemikhali ikakhulu isebenzisa iasidi ukunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye nehydrogen eveliswe kwintshukumo yemichiza ukuze idibanise kwaye ikhuphe umaleko womhlwa ukunyibilikisa nokuxobula iimveliso zerusi kumphezulu wesinyithi.Ii-asidi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka i-hydrochloric acid, i-sulfuric acid, i-phosphoric acid, njl.Indlela yokufaka i-electrochemical acid etching ikakhulu isebenzisa ukusabela kweekhemikhali zamalungu kwi-electrolyte ukuphumeza injongo yokususa umhlwa, kubandakanywa ukusebenzisa iindawo ezikhutshwa ngumhlwa njenge-anode kunye nokusebenzisa iindawo ezikhutshwa ngumhlwa njenge-cathodes.
3.2.5 Ukucoca iidiphozithi zekhabhoni
I-Carbon deposition ngumxube onzima we-colloids, i-asphaltenes, i-oyile yokuthambisa kunye neekhabhoni ezenziwe ngenxa yokutsha okungaphelelanga kwepetroli kunye neoli yokuthambisa ngexesha lokutsha kunye naphantsi kwesenzo sokushisa okuphezulu.Ngokomzekelo, uninzi lweediphozithi zekhabhoni kwi-injini ziqokelelwe kwiivalvu, iipistoni, iintloko ze-cylinder, njl. Ezi iidiphozithi zekhabhoni ziya kuchaphazela isiphumo sokupholisa samalungu athile enjini, ziwohloke iimeko zokuhambisa ubushushu, zichaphazele ukutsha kwayo, kwaye kude kubangele ukuba iindawo zitshise kakhulu kwaye zenze iintanda.Ngoko ke, ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvuselela le nxalenye, idiphozithi yekhabhoni kwindawo kufuneka isuswe ngokucocekileyo.Ukubunjwa kweediphozithi zekhabhoni kunobudlelwane obukhulu kunye nesakhiwo se-injini, indawo yeendawo, iintlobo zepetroli kunye neoli yokuthambisa, iimeko zokusebenza kunye neeyure zokusebenza.Iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, iindlela zeekhemikhali kunye neendlela ze-electrolytic zinokucima i-carbon deposits.Indlela yomatshini ibhekisela ekusebenziseni iibrashi zocingo kunye ne-scrapers ukususa i-carbon deposits.Indlela ilula, kodwa ukusebenza kakuhle kuphantsi, akulula ukucoceka, kwaye kuya kulimaza umphezulu.Ukususwa kweediphozithi zekhabhoni ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-chip yenyukliya ecinezelweyo yejethi yomoya kunokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle.Indlela yeekhemikhali ibhekisela ekuntywiliseleni iinxalenye kwi-caustic soda, i-sodium carbonate kunye nezinye izisombululo zokucoca kwiqondo lokushisa kwe-80 ~ 95 ° C ukunyibilika okanye i-emulsify ioli kunye nokunciphisa i-carbon deposits, emva koko sebenzisa ibrashi yokususa idiphozithi yekhabhoni kwaye ihlambuluke. bona.Indlela ye-electrochemical isebenzisa isisombululo se-alkaline njenge-electrolyte, kwaye i-workpiece ixhunyiwe kwi-cathode ukususa idiphozithi yekhabhoni phantsi kwesenzo sokuqhawula ngokudibeneyo sokusabela kweekhemikhali kunye ne-hydrogen.Le ndlela iyasebenza, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuyiqonda kakuhle inkcazo ye-carbon deposition.
4 Isiphelo
1) Ukucoca ukuveliswa kwakhona yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokwenziwa ngokutsha, echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho weemveliso ezenziwe ngokutsha kunye neendleko zokwenziwa ngokutsha, kwaye kufuneka kunikwe ingqwalasela eyaneleyo.
I-2) Ukuvelisa kwakhona iteknoloji yokucoca iteknoloji iya kuphuhlisa kwicala lokucoca, ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kwaye indlela yokucoca i-solvents yeekhemikhali iya kuphuhliswa ngokuthe ngcembe kwindlela yokucoca ngomatshini osekelwe emanzini ukunciphisa ukungcola kokusingqongileyo kwinkqubo.
I-3) Ukucoca kwinkqubo yokubuyisela kwakhona kunokwahlulwa kukucoca ngaphambi kokuqhawula kunye nokucoca emva kokuchithwa, oku kubandakanywa nokucocwa kweoli, i-rust, isikali, i-carbon deposits, ipeyinti, njl.
Ukukhetha indlela yokucoca efanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokucoca kunokufezekisa kabini umphumo kunye nesiqingatha somzamo, kwaye kwakhona unikeze isiseko esizinzile sokuphuhliswa koshishino lokubuyisela kwakhona.Njengomvelisi oqeqeshiweyo wezixhobo zokucoca, i-Tense inokubonelela ngezisombululo kunye neenkonzo zokucoca.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-09-2023